Lauren's Ch.4 Objectives
·Name the factors that determine skin color and describe the function of melanin
Melanin is a pigment, material that changes color when light is reflected or transmitted, that can ranges in color from yellow to brown to black. Chemically they are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. There are three different types of naturally occurring melanin; eumelanin, pheomelanin and neuromelanin. They are produced by “spider-shaped” cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are found mainly in the stratum basale, the deepest layer of the epidermis. When exposed to sunlight the melanocytes are stimulated and they start to produce more melanin, which causes the skin to become darker. While melanocytes are producing melanin, granules called melanosomes are accumulating. Eventually the granules combine with keratinocytes. Once inside the kertatinocytes the melanin forms a “pigment umbrella” over the nuclei which shield the DNA from damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. Reducing the damage of DNA by sunlight, by either absorption or scattering is melanin’s main function.
·Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns
Burns are categorized into three different categories depending on the severity of the burns. First degree burns are the least severe with only the epidermis (top layer of skin) is damaged. It typically only looks red and swollen with discomfort. Second degree burns are a bit more serious with damage to the epidermis as well as the upper region of the dermis. At this degree blisters appear. These burns start to become prone to infection. Lastly the most severe kind of burn is a third-degree burn. This type destroys the entire thickness of the skin. The skin appears different because of the dead nerve endings. Regeneration is not possible and skin must be grafted.
Explain the importance of the “rule of nine.”
The “rule of nine” is a method used with adults to determine the total percentage of area burned for each major section of the body. The body is divided up into 11 areas, each accounting for about 9 percent of the body’s total surface area. It is helpful in quick calculations to replace lost body fluids.
·Summarize the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.
Basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and malignant melanoma are all types of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. This type of cancer occurs when cells of the stratum basale become altered so they no longer form keratin, which can no longer form a boundary between epidermis and dermis. The lesions appeared most often on the face as shiny dome shaped nodules.
Squamous cell carcinoma comes from the cells of the stratum spinosum. The lesion appears as a scaly, red small elevation that gradually forms a small ulcer. This variety is commonly found on scalp, ears, dorsum of hands, and lower lip.
Malignant Melanoma is the cancer of melanocytes. It is fairly rare skin cancer, only about 5% of cancers. It is created from DNA damage. It usually appears first as spreading brown to black patch.
Melanin is a pigment, material that changes color when light is reflected or transmitted, that can ranges in color from yellow to brown to black. Chemically they are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. There are three different types of naturally occurring melanin; eumelanin, pheomelanin and neuromelanin. They are produced by “spider-shaped” cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes are found mainly in the stratum basale, the deepest layer of the epidermis. When exposed to sunlight the melanocytes are stimulated and they start to produce more melanin, which causes the skin to become darker. While melanocytes are producing melanin, granules called melanosomes are accumulating. Eventually the granules combine with keratinocytes. Once inside the kertatinocytes the melanin forms a “pigment umbrella” over the nuclei which shield the DNA from damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. Reducing the damage of DNA by sunlight, by either absorption or scattering is melanin’s main function.
·Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns
Burns are categorized into three different categories depending on the severity of the burns. First degree burns are the least severe with only the epidermis (top layer of skin) is damaged. It typically only looks red and swollen with discomfort. Second degree burns are a bit more serious with damage to the epidermis as well as the upper region of the dermis. At this degree blisters appear. These burns start to become prone to infection. Lastly the most severe kind of burn is a third-degree burn. This type destroys the entire thickness of the skin. The skin appears different because of the dead nerve endings. Regeneration is not possible and skin must be grafted.
Explain the importance of the “rule of nine.”
The “rule of nine” is a method used with adults to determine the total percentage of area burned for each major section of the body. The body is divided up into 11 areas, each accounting for about 9 percent of the body’s total surface area. It is helpful in quick calculations to replace lost body fluids.
·Summarize the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.
Basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and malignant melanoma are all types of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. This type of cancer occurs when cells of the stratum basale become altered so they no longer form keratin, which can no longer form a boundary between epidermis and dermis. The lesions appeared most often on the face as shiny dome shaped nodules.
Squamous cell carcinoma comes from the cells of the stratum spinosum. The lesion appears as a scaly, red small elevation that gradually forms a small ulcer. This variety is commonly found on scalp, ears, dorsum of hands, and lower lip.
Malignant Melanoma is the cancer of melanocytes. It is fairly rare skin cancer, only about 5% of cancers. It is created from DNA damage. It usually appears first as spreading brown to black patch.
Trevor's Ch.4 Objectives
Chapter 4 Research Questions
The factors that contribute to skin color are the amount and kind of melanin in the epidermis, the amount of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue, and the amount of oxygen rich hemoglobin in dermal blood vessels.
Melanin is a pigment that ranges in color produced by melanocytes. This pigment is what gives our skin its skin tone and it provides protection from the suns dangerous rays.
First degree burns occur on the epidermis and become red and heal in one to three days.
Second degree burns occur on the epidermis, and upper layer of the dermis, resulting in redness and painful blisters.
Third degree burns destroy the entire thickness of the skin and are referred to as full thickness burns, the skin is blackened and surprisingly isn't painful because the nerve cells have been burnt.
Rule of the nines
The rule of the nines is a method of estimating the extent of body surface that has been burned, by dividing the body into sections of 9 or multiples of nine. Skin Cancers
Basal cell caricinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells, the basal cells produce new skin cells, which is why this is severe. The cancer develops in the cells and turns into a waxy bump. This skin cancer is common but can be treated very easily if caught early.
Squamous cell carcinoma is another type of skin cancer that is developed on the surface of the skin from exposure to UV rays. If untreated the cancer can spread to other parts of the body, causing serious complications.
Malignant melanoma is a skin cancer that develops out of melanocyte cells, these cells make melanin. It develops when melanocyte cells no longer respond to normal control mechanisms of cellular growth, causing discoloration in skin. Melanoma can spread to other structures in the body, causing serious conditions.
The factors that contribute to skin color are the amount and kind of melanin in the epidermis, the amount of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue, and the amount of oxygen rich hemoglobin in dermal blood vessels.
Melanin is a pigment that ranges in color produced by melanocytes. This pigment is what gives our skin its skin tone and it provides protection from the suns dangerous rays.
First degree burns occur on the epidermis and become red and heal in one to three days.
Second degree burns occur on the epidermis, and upper layer of the dermis, resulting in redness and painful blisters.
Third degree burns destroy the entire thickness of the skin and are referred to as full thickness burns, the skin is blackened and surprisingly isn't painful because the nerve cells have been burnt.
Rule of the nines
The rule of the nines is a method of estimating the extent of body surface that has been burned, by dividing the body into sections of 9 or multiples of nine. Skin Cancers
Basal cell caricinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells, the basal cells produce new skin cells, which is why this is severe. The cancer develops in the cells and turns into a waxy bump. This skin cancer is common but can be treated very easily if caught early.
Squamous cell carcinoma is another type of skin cancer that is developed on the surface of the skin from exposure to UV rays. If untreated the cancer can spread to other parts of the body, causing serious complications.
Malignant melanoma is a skin cancer that develops out of melanocyte cells, these cells make melanin. It develops when melanocyte cells no longer respond to normal control mechanisms of cellular growth, causing discoloration in skin. Melanoma can spread to other structures in the body, causing serious conditions.
Kolleen's Ch.4 Objectives
Name the factors that determine skin color and describe the function of melanin.
1.) Factors that contribute to skin color are genetics, pigmentation, and sun-exposure. There are three different types of pigmentation: melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Melanin is made in the skin. It is a polymer made of tyrosine amino acids, ranges in color from yellow to reddish-brown to black. Melanin’s synthesis depends on an enzyme in melanocytes called tyrosinase, which passes from melanocytes to the basal keratinocytes. People of darker skin color, such as black and brown skin, produce much darker melanin and retain their keratinocytes much longer than those who are fair-skinned. melanocytes react with greater activity when skin is exposed to sunlight. Prolonged sun exposure causes a substantial melanin build up, which helps protect DNA of viable skin cells from UV radiation. This response causes darkening of the skin. Freckles and pigmented moles are examples of local accumulations of melanin. Melanin is known as a “natural sunscreen”.
Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns.
2.) In first-degree burns the epidermis is the only layer of skin that is damaged. Symptoms of first-degree burns include redness, swelling, and pain. They usually heal within two too three days without medical attention. An example of a first-degree burn is a sunburn. A second-degree burn injures the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Symptoms include those of a first-degree burn and blisters. Because a sufficient number of epithelial cells are still present, skin is able to heal with little or no scarring within three to four weeks if proper care is taken to prevent infection. Third-degree burns injure the entire thickness of the skin. The burned area appears blanched(gray-white), cherry red, or blackened, and initially there is little or no edema. There is no pain that comes from a third-degree burn because all of the nerve endings in the area have been destroyed. Skin grafting is usually necessary for a third-degree burn.
Explain the importance of the “rule of nines”.
3.) The “rule of nines” is used to measure the volume of fluid lost, in adults, by computing the percentage of body surface burned. The method divides the body into 11 areas, each accounting for nine percent of total body area, plus and additional area surrounding the genitals, which accounts for one percent of the body surface area. This can help to calculate how many extra calories, immunities, ect. a person will need to prevent infection and heal.
Summarize the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamos cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.
4.) Basal cell carcinoma is the least fatal and most common skin cancer. Cells of the basal layer multiply, invading the dermis and hypodermis. The cancer lesions occur most often on sun-exposed areas of the face and appear as shiny, dome-shaped lumps that later develop a central ulcer with a “pearly” beaded edge. Basal cell carcinoma is relatively slow-growing, and metastasis seldom occurs before it is noticed. Full cure by surgical excision is the rule in 99% of cases. Squamous cell carcinoma arises from the keratinocytes of the spinosum layer. The lesion appears as a scaly reddened papule that arises most often on the scalp, ears, dorsum of the hands, and lower lip. It tends to grow rapidly and metastasize to adjacent lymph nodes if not removed. If it is caught early and removed surgically or by radiation therapy, the chance of complete cure is good. Malignant melanoma, cancer of melanocytes, is the most dangerous skin cancer. It accounts for only about five percent of skin cancers, but its incidence is increasing rapidly. Melanoma can begin wherever the is pigment. Most such cancers appear spontaneously, but about one-third develop from pigmented moles. It usually appears as a spreading brown to black patch that metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph and blood vessels. The chance for surviving melanoma is not high, but early detection helps. The usual therapy for malignant melanoma is wide surgical excision accompanied by chemotherapy.
1.) Factors that contribute to skin color are genetics, pigmentation, and sun-exposure. There are three different types of pigmentation: melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Melanin is made in the skin. It is a polymer made of tyrosine amino acids, ranges in color from yellow to reddish-brown to black. Melanin’s synthesis depends on an enzyme in melanocytes called tyrosinase, which passes from melanocytes to the basal keratinocytes. People of darker skin color, such as black and brown skin, produce much darker melanin and retain their keratinocytes much longer than those who are fair-skinned. melanocytes react with greater activity when skin is exposed to sunlight. Prolonged sun exposure causes a substantial melanin build up, which helps protect DNA of viable skin cells from UV radiation. This response causes darkening of the skin. Freckles and pigmented moles are examples of local accumulations of melanin. Melanin is known as a “natural sunscreen”.
Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns.
2.) In first-degree burns the epidermis is the only layer of skin that is damaged. Symptoms of first-degree burns include redness, swelling, and pain. They usually heal within two too three days without medical attention. An example of a first-degree burn is a sunburn. A second-degree burn injures the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Symptoms include those of a first-degree burn and blisters. Because a sufficient number of epithelial cells are still present, skin is able to heal with little or no scarring within three to four weeks if proper care is taken to prevent infection. Third-degree burns injure the entire thickness of the skin. The burned area appears blanched(gray-white), cherry red, or blackened, and initially there is little or no edema. There is no pain that comes from a third-degree burn because all of the nerve endings in the area have been destroyed. Skin grafting is usually necessary for a third-degree burn.
Explain the importance of the “rule of nines”.
3.) The “rule of nines” is used to measure the volume of fluid lost, in adults, by computing the percentage of body surface burned. The method divides the body into 11 areas, each accounting for nine percent of total body area, plus and additional area surrounding the genitals, which accounts for one percent of the body surface area. This can help to calculate how many extra calories, immunities, ect. a person will need to prevent infection and heal.
Summarize the characteristics of basal cell carcinoma, squamos cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.
4.) Basal cell carcinoma is the least fatal and most common skin cancer. Cells of the basal layer multiply, invading the dermis and hypodermis. The cancer lesions occur most often on sun-exposed areas of the face and appear as shiny, dome-shaped lumps that later develop a central ulcer with a “pearly” beaded edge. Basal cell carcinoma is relatively slow-growing, and metastasis seldom occurs before it is noticed. Full cure by surgical excision is the rule in 99% of cases. Squamous cell carcinoma arises from the keratinocytes of the spinosum layer. The lesion appears as a scaly reddened papule that arises most often on the scalp, ears, dorsum of the hands, and lower lip. It tends to grow rapidly and metastasize to adjacent lymph nodes if not removed. If it is caught early and removed surgically or by radiation therapy, the chance of complete cure is good. Malignant melanoma, cancer of melanocytes, is the most dangerous skin cancer. It accounts for only about five percent of skin cancers, but its incidence is increasing rapidly. Melanoma can begin wherever the is pigment. Most such cancers appear spontaneously, but about one-third develop from pigmented moles. It usually appears as a spreading brown to black patch that metastasizes rapidly to surrounding lymph and blood vessels. The chance for surviving melanoma is not high, but early detection helps. The usual therapy for malignant melanoma is wide surgical excision accompanied by chemotherapy.